Capstonex

Europe is Gas-Thirsty in Winter!

It is the most extreme energy crisis that has ever occurred in Europe as experts in global gas markets emphasize. It is obvious that the Russian natural gas cutoffs are threatening the European energy security, since losing Russia’s natural gas supply means losing a crucial energy lifeline which accounts for 40% of the European imports.  It all roots back to the Russian- Ukrainian war and Europe’s support for Ukraine, leading to a dramatic increase in energy prices which forced European countries to rely on emergency plans and backup energy suppliers like Norway and North Africa that are failing to setup. Europe is on the gates of the coldest part of the year and not having sufficient natural gas supply for heating is a nightmare for the Europeans.  Russia’s main pipeline to Germany, Nord Stream 2, was killed in February as Russian president Vladimir Putin prepared to invade Ukraine, leaving Nord Stream 1 as the biggest direct gas link between Russia and Europe’s biggest economy. The crisis deepened after Nord Stream 1, the largest gas pipeline from Russia to Europe, was taken down for scheduled maintenance. European countries typically rely on the summer months to refill their gas storage facilities. And at a time of war, when the continent’s future gas supply is uncertain, having that energy cushion is especially crucial.  If Russia’s prolonged disruptions continue, experts warn of a difficult winter: one of potential rationing, industrial shutdowns, and even massive economic dislocation. In Norway, the European Union’s biggest supplier of natural gas after Russia (having the Groningen Gas field of 450 Bcf Reserve), mass strikes in the oil and gas industries forced companies to shutter production, sending further shockwaves throughout Europe.  The pain of the crisis, however, is perhaps being felt most clearly in Germany, which has been forced to turn to a number of energy-saving measures, including rationing heated water and closing swimming pools. To cope with the crunch, Berlin has already entered the second phase of its three-stage emergency gas plan. What is waiting Europe in the upcoming months? What significant measures the European leaders will take to come out from this Nightmare? By Ali Nasser (24, August 2022) Europe is Gas-Thirsty in Winter! It is the most extreme energy crisis that has ever occurred in Europe as experts in global gas markets… How Is Rubber Made? WHAT IS RUBBER? Rubber is an elastic material made from petroleum, natural gas, or natural plant exudates… Natural Rubber Shortage: A Crisis at the Gates Natural rubber with all its chemical and physical properties is considered a main building block for… FIBONACCI SEQUENCE AND THE GOLDEN RATIO OF BEAUTY It is realized mathematically that everything in nature starting from the smallest atoms to the most… BlockChain What is BlockChain Technology? Blockchain technology is a sort of distributed ledger that offers a shared,… NASA: PICTURE OF THE DAY NASA’S WEBB DELIVERS DEEPEST INFRARED IMAGE OF UNIVERSE YET Picture of the day ! With the amazing declaration… No posts found 1 2 3 4 5 Follow US Facebook Twitter Youtube Instagram Linkedin

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How Is Rubber Made?

WHAT IS RUBBER? Rubber is an elastic material made from petroleum, natural gas, or natural plant exudates from some tropical plants. Rubber is the primary component of tires for bicycles, cars, and airplanes due to its flexibility, durability, and hardness. TYPES OF RUBBER: There are two main types of rubber, natural rubber, and synthetic rubber: Natural Rubber: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUg7r7fu_eo These are the naturally occurring elastomers. Natural rubber is created from latex, which falls from the bark of several tropical and subtropical trees. Latex is a milky white liquid that contains solid particles suspended in it. The central locations for this latex rubber are Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It is known as cis- 1, 4-polyisoprene and is produced by polymerizing isoprene (2 methyl-1, 3-butadiene), which has the chemical formula (C5H8). In layman’s terms, we may state that they are produced by forming a lengthy, tangled chain by loosely fusing the isoprene (C5H8) monomers together. Manufacturing Process of Natural Rubber: The collection of latex from rubber trees is the first step in the manufacture of natural rubber. The first step in collecting latex from rubber trees is to score or cut into the tree’s bark. Latex pours into a cup that is fastened to the base of the tree’s cut. Large tanks are used to collect the latex material from several trees.  Coagulation, a procedure that thickens or curdles polyisoprene into a mass, is the most typical way to separate the rubber from latex. The latex is treated in this way by adding an acid, such as formic acid. It takes the coagulation process roughly 12 hours. The rubber’s coagulum is pressed dry using a succession of rollers.  In smokehouses, the resulting thin sheets—which are roughly 1/8 inch thick—are dried on wooden racks. In most cases, drying takes several days. The resulting ribbed smoke sheet, a dark-brown rubber, is then bundled into bales and transported to the processor. But not all rubber is smoked.  An air-dried sheet of rubber is one that has been dried without the use of smoke. Better rubber is produced as a result of this technique. Pale crepe rubber, which is an even higher grade rubber, needs to go through two coagulation processes before being allowed to air dry.   Synthetic Rubber: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7ehv8dSHYQ&t=3s Petroleum and natural gas are used in the production of synthetic rubbers. It can be made by copolymerizing 1, 3-butadiene with an unsaturated monomer or by polymerizing 1, 3-butadiene derivatives. Manufacturing Process of Synthetic Rubber: Over the years, numerous varieties of synthetic rubber have been created. All are the end product of molecular joining or polymerization. Molecules are linked together to form lengthy chains through a process known as addition polymerization. As molecules are joined together, another process known as condensation polymerization removes a piece of the molecule. Examples of other polymers include styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), which is used as the non-bounce rubber in tires, and synthetic rubbers manufactured from polychloroprene (neoprene rubber), an oil- and gasoline-resistant rubber. During World War I, the first significant quest for synthetic rubber started in Germany. Germany was unable to obtain natural rubber due to British blockades. German chemists created the polymer [CH2=C(CH3)C(CH3)=CH2] from acetone using 3-methyl isoprene (2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene) units. By the end of World War I, Germany was producing 15 tons per month of methyl rubber, despite the fact that it was inferior to natural rubber. Better synthetic rubbers are now available thanks to continued development. Buna S (styrene butadiene rubber, or SBR), the most popular kind of synthetic rubber currently in use, was created in 1929 by the German business I.G. Farben. An artificial rubber-like polymer made up of 98 percent cis-1,4-polyisoprene was created in 1955 by American chemist Samuel Emmett Horne, Jr. Since 1961, tires have been made with this material and SBR. Rubber Preparation: Rubber tapping: By making a small V-cut in the tree bark, the milky white liquid latex from the rubber trees is collected in a cup. To coagulate the rubber particles, the collected latex is cleaned, filtered, and acid-reacted. Mastication: The rubber that was acquired during the tapping process is still not ready for use. It has a very brittle character while cold and becomes quite gluey when warmed up. The rubber is squeezed and let to travel through the rollers to make it softer and more workable, eliminating its brittleness and pungent smell. Depending on the qualities needed for the rubber, this process is repeated. To improve the qualities of rubber, additional chemical compounds are also added throughout this procedure. Calendering is a procedure that is mostly used to give the rubber shape utilizing rollers (after proper mixing of the chemical ingredients).  Using an extrusion machine with specifically shaped perforations, the final product is then extruded to create hollow tubes. The process of vulcanization is necessary to produce rubber that is durable and strong enough to be employed in machinery and goods like vehicle tires. Sulfur is added to the rubber and heated at a temperature between 373 K and 415 K to improve all of these characteristics. Vulcanization is the term for this process. After vulcanization, the sulfur works as a cross-linking agent, causing the rubber to become cross-linked and rigid. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RUBBER PRODUCTION: The production of natural rubber is utilized in the tire industry to a degree of around 70%. An assessment of the natural rubber production process reveals that the environmental effects are related to forest clearing, the use of energy, chemicals, fertilizers, and biocides, as well as emissions into the water. Sources:  Natural Rubber and Synthetic Rubber – Examples, Preparation, Properties, Uses and FAQs of Natural and Synthetic Rubber. (2019, December 25). BYJUS; byjus.com. https://byjus.com/chemistry/natural-rubber-and-properties/ The Manufacturing Process of Rubber. (2018, December 15). Sciencing; sciencing.com. https://sciencing.com/manufacturing-process-rubber-5206099.html   By Hassan Nasser, 23 August 2022. How Is Rubber Made? WHAT IS RUBBER? Rubber is an elastic material made from petroleum, natural gas, or natural plant exudates… Natural Rubber Shortage: A Crisis at the Gates Natural rubber with all its chemical and physical properties is

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Natural Rubber Shortage: A Crisis at the Gates

Natural rubber with all its chemical and physical properties is considered a main building block for many industries that manufacture highly valuable products such as tires in automotive industry, latex gloves used for medical purposes, clothes etc. Natural rubber is extracted as a white sap from rubber trees cultivated mainly in warm and humid south east Asia countries. It was a main resource that formulated the decision of war entering by USA during the World War two for its importance in aircraft industry which consumes a lot of rubber. Now the world is witnessing an increase in the natural rubber prices because of flooding problems that threatened the cultivation and growth of rubber trees and the leaf diseases that infected those trees in addition to the weak incentive to plant new trees due to the large length of time that is needed to grow such a tree to be productive. All these reasons and others that are not mentioned leads to a shortage in the supply chain of natural rubber which may exponentially rise the prices of this resource and thus all the commodities that are manufactured using rubber. One may wonder and ask why scientists and chemical process engineers didn’t find a formula that can synthesize rubber in the lab, the answer is that this thing was discovered from many decades but synthesized rubber doesn’t possess all the properties of natural rubber such as elasticity even with further processing that may elevate the costs of manufacturing and deteriorate the economic feasibility of rubber businesses. Do you want to know how rubber is made? Well, let us know in the comments on our social media platforms. Natural Rubber Shortage: A Crisis at the Gates Natural rubber is a milky liquid present in either the latex vessels (ducts) or in the cells of rubber-producing… FIBONACCI SEQUENCE AND THE GOLDEN RATIO OF BEAUTY It is realized mathematically that everything in nature starting from the smallest atoms to the most… BlockChain What is BlockChain Technology? Blockchain technology is a sort of distributed ledger that offers a shared,… NASA: PICTURE OF THE DAY NASA’S WEBB DELIVERS DEEPEST INFRARED IMAGE OF UNIVERSE YET Picture of the day ! With the amazing declaration… No posts found 1 2 3 4 5 Follow US Facebook Twitter Youtube Instagram Linkedin

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FIBONACCI SEQUENCE AND THE GOLDEN RATIO OF BEAUTY

It is realized mathematically that everything in nature starting from the smallest atoms to the most complicated cosmological patterns and all the beauty behind them is not just a matter of perspective or distinguished random patterns, otherwise they rely on a unique golden ratio that governs the dimensions of these patterns. This golden ratio strikes its roots to a mathematical sequence called the Fibonacci Sequence developed by an Italian mathematician named Leonard Fibonacci who lived between the second and the third century. The Fibonacci sequence is a series of successive numbers where each entry is the sum of the two preceding entries (1,1,2,3,5,8,13…). The golden ratio can be obtained by calculating the quotient between each successive pair of numbers in the series where this ratio tends to be more precise as the quotient is calculated for larger numbers in the series. A golden ratio or phi is an irrational number which is approximately equal to 1.618. WHY THIS RATIO IS SO CONTROVERSIAL? It seems that many things in nature abide by its dimensional parameters to the ratio of 1.618, for example take a hive of bees and estimate the ratio of the female bee number to the male bee number and you will end by a number that is approximately 1.618. Another example is the ratio between the diameters of opposing spirals in a sunflower which also equals the golden ratio. Moreover, for those interested in art works, the golden ratio is also manifested in the dimensions utilized to construct these works. The Parthenon in Athens, the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa all encrypts the golden ratio in their geometric patterns.It seems that this ratio is unavoidable although some mathematicians believe that there is an exaggeration regarding this number. Prepared by: Capstone-X Team3 August, 2022 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE AND THE GOLDEN RATIO OF BEAUTY BlockChain What is BlockChain Technology? Blockchain technology is a sort of distributed ledger that offers a shared,… NASA: PICTURE OF THE DAY NASA’S WEBB DELIVERS DEEPEST INFRARED IMAGE OF UNIVERSE YET Picture of the day ! With the amazing declaration… No posts found 1 2 3 4 5 Follow US Facebook Twitter Youtube Instagram Linkedin

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BlockChain

What is BlockChain Technology? Blockchain technology is a sort of distributed ledger that offers a shared, decentralized transactional database, or so-called “digital ledger of transactions,” that is accessible to all users on the blockchain network. Consider it as a shared database where users must confirm, verify, and record data, each of which has a logical relationship to the blocks before it. It resembles Google Docs on steroids in many ways. Transactions are stored chronologically on the blockchain, and each block transforms into an immutable, locked historical record that is connected to earlier and later blocks or transactions. BlockChain & Crypto Blockchain technology has become the main pillar of a wide range of businesses that are information driven, an example of this is the cryptocurrency which is a matter of loud controversy nowadays. At Core, blockchain technology is known to be a highly secured virtual form of an accounting book that facilitates the process of documentation of trading transactions and the monitoring of tangible and intangible assets. In other words, on a blockchain network anything which carries an economic value can be traded and tracked in a risk-free environment. Significance of Blockchain The significance of blockchain technology manifests itself in the high speed and accurate process of exchanging business information. Moreover, the security dimension offered on a blockchain network is of great benefit for supergiant businesses since blockchain network gives access for a tight circle of permissioned members to the security identity of the trade trapped in a block while sharing transparently all other details regarding the details of the trade like orders, payments, accounts, production and much more. Key Elements The key elements composing the blockchain network are the distributed ledger (accounting book) of transactions, unalterable records in which no one can edit the transaction and in case an error occurs a new transaction block is required to be done to reverse the error, also another key element is the smart contracts which are a kind of rules that governs the execution of transfers. Working Principle Regarding the working principle of blockchain technology, it all revolves around recording the transaction data in a virtual coded block showing the movement of tangible and intangible assets (who, what, when, where, how much and even the condition such as the temperature of a food shipment.). These blocks are what form the chain of blocks that are connected in a complementary manner with each other in which any unmatching alteration in a single block can malfunction all the chain that ensures the transfer of asset from one place to another. furthermore, all transactions are blocked together in an irreversible chain where every added block verifies that one before which removes any possibility of alteration by a malicious actor. Prepared by: Capstone-X team July 30, 2022 BlockChain Technology What is BlockChain Technology? Blockchain technology is a sort of distributed ledger that offers a shared,… NASA: PICTURE OF THE DAY NASA’S WEBB DELIVERS DEEPEST INFRARED IMAGE OF UNIVERSE YET Picture of the day ! With the amazing declaration… No posts found 1 2 3 4 5 Follow US Facebook Twitter Youtube Instagram Linkedin

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